ARTICLE RETRACTION

Retraction is the mechanism the Journal of Biobased Chemicals uses to correct the published record and alert readers to articles whose content or data are so seriously flawed or erroneous that the findings and conclusions cannot be relied upon. Unreliable content can result from honest error, naive mistakes, or research or publication misconduct.

The purpose of retraction is to correct the literature and protect its integrity — not to punish authors.

Any article the journal has made available online, including "online first" articles not yet assigned to an issue, is considered published and is eligible for retraction under this policy.

The editors may decide to retract an article when they no longer have confidence in its results and conclusions. Reasons for this loss of confidence include, but are not limited to, the following.

• Unreliable findings due to data irregularities, fictitious or unavailable data, image manipulation or duplication, or a major experimental or calculation error.

• Authorship that cannot be verified, or serious unresolved concerns about accountability for the research.

• Misrepresentation, including deception, fraud, paper-mill involvement, identity theft, fictitious authorship, or undisclosed use of artificial intelligence.

• An unacceptable level of overlap with previously published content, as determined by the editor.

• Redundant publication — findings published elsewhere without proper attribution, disclosure, or permission.

• Use of material or data without authorization, where its removal would affect the article's results and conclusions.

• Copyright infringement or another serious legal issue, such as libel or a breach of privacy.

• Reporting of unethical research.

• A compromised peer review or publication process (for example, fabricated reviewers, paper-mill activity, or citation manipulation) that further review does not support.

• Failure to disclose a major competing interest that, in the editor's judgment, could have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work.

• A meta-analysis or systematic review whose conclusions rely on content that has since been corrected or retracted.

For questions about a specific case or about this policy in general, contact the editorial office below.